# NPC model sourcing and expansion plan

Status: **research complete, direction not chosen (2026-11-03).** No downloaded
model is committed to the game or included in a release. The local evaluation
files live under `tmp/npc-research/` (gitignored).

This page records the free/open-source character sources that were reviewed, how
they behave when imported into the existing Blender tooling, and the options for
creating a larger NPC model library. The runtime contract and current library are
documented in [`blender-assets.md`](blender-assets.md) and
[`npc-visual-review.md`](npc-visual-review.md).

## Why this review exists

The library has eight skinned characters, and `NpcAvatar.character_model_for()`
reuses them across role families. That is enough for a release candidate, but
crowds repeat the same faces, builds and outfits. Three venues, a 24-NPC budget
and close-up portraits make that repetition visible.

Any expansion must preserve the existing integration contract:

- mesh node `npc_base` under a `Skeleton3D`;
- bones `Head`, `HipL/R`, `KneeL/R`, `ShoulderL/R`, `ElbowL/R`, `HandL/R` plus
  `Hips`, `Spine`, `Neck` at the contract rest positions;
- five tint slots (`skin`, `cloth`, `pants`, `accessory`, `hair`);
- front on Blender −Y / Godot +Z, feet near the floor, 1.6–2.1 m height;
- at most 8,000 triangles and 8,000 glTF vertices per character;
- gear attach points at head, back, chest and hand.

The existing `audit` command is the gate. A source that looks good in a preview
but fails `audit` is not usable without an adaptation step.

## What was evaluated

Blender 5.2.0 LTS (Flatpak) imported each file in background mode. Measurements
below come from the imported scene, because external GLBs often carry node
transforms that the project's audit (which reads accessor-local bounds) does not
apply. "Vertices" are the imported, seam-split counts that matter for the glTF
budget, not the source file's vertex count.

| Source | Licence | Files checked | Geometry / rig | Height | Verdict |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quaternius Ultimate Modular Men / Women** (mirrored GLB pack) | CC0 1.0 | `Casual_Hoodie.glb`, `Worker.glb`, `Casual.glb` | 5,240–6,424 tris; 10,534–12,968 verts; 62 bones; 24 animations; 4 skinned meshes on one armature | 1.80–1.87 m | **Best silhouette/outfit match.** Fails the contract: wrong bone names/rest positions, no tint slots, no `npc_base` node, vertex budget exceeded. |
| **Kenney Blocky Characters 2.0** | CC0 1.0 | full pack (18 characters), `character-a.glb`, `character-f.glb` | 72 tris; 143 verts; static, no armature; one texture atlas per character | 2.7 m imported (needs 0.67× scale) | **Not a close-up character.** Useful as a crowd/impostor LOD or placeholder, but cannot be driven by the skeleton and has no separate face/clothing slots. |
| **Khronos CesiumMan** | CC BY 4.0 (© Cesium) | `CesiumMan.glb` | 4,672 tris; 3,273 verts; 19-bone walk rig; 1 material/texture; 1 animation | 1.45 m | **Technical retarget test only.** One outfit and one look, wrong rig, short; works as a skinning/pose reference. Attribution is required. |
| **Khronos RiggedFigure** | CC BY 4.0 (© Cesium) | `RiggedFigure.glb` | 256 tris; 370 verts; 19-bone walk rig; no UVs; 1 animation | 1.48 m | **Rig smoke test only.** A mannequin with no usable surface detail. |
| **MakeHuman core base mesh / MPFB** | Core assets CC0 1.0; application AGPL/GPL | `makehuman/data/3dobjs/base.obj` | 19,158 verts; 18,486 polygons; 36,972 tris; no rig in the base mesh | ~16.9 model units before scaling | **Best body-shape diversity, highest pipeline cost.** Needs scaling, decimation/retopology and a generated rig. The MakeHuman/MPFB tool itself is not bundled. |

Local review sheet (front views, not committed):
`tmp/npc-research/previews/contact_sheet.jpg`.

Rejected without downloading: Mixamo and Ready Player Me. Both are useful
services, but their terms are not a simple free/open-source redistribution basis
for shipped character meshes. Sketchfab, Poly Pizza and OpenGameArt can contain
excellent CC0 work, but each asset needs a case-by-case licence and provenance
check; they are not a consistent library source.

### Measured contract failures

Every example fails the unmodified `audit` contract:

| Check | Quaternius | Kenney | CesiumMan | RiggedFigure | MakeHuman base |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `npc_base` mesh node | no | no | no | no | no |
| Required 13 bones | no (62 different names) | no rig | no (19 different names) | no (19 different names) | no rig |
| Five tint slots | no | no | no | no | no |
| ≤ 8,000 tris | yes | yes | yes | yes | no |
| ≤ 8,000 verts | no (10.5–13k) | yes | yes | yes | no (19k) |
| Feet on floor | yes | yes (2.7 m scale) | yes (−11 mm) | yes | no (needs scaling) |
| Height 1.6–2.1 m | yes | no (2.7 m) | no (1.45 m) | no (1.48 m) | needs scale |
| Skinned / UV mapped | yes / yes | no / yes | yes / yes | yes / no | no / no |

The practical conclusion is that **there is no drop-in download**. External
sources need a deliberate intake step, and the expensive part is not decimation:
it is rebuilding or retargeting the skeleton and material slots without breaking
the animation proxies and gear placement.

The table uses Blender-imported world bounds. The stdlib `audit` reads accessor-local
bounds and ignores node transforms, so an unapplied external GLB can fail floor/height
checks even when the imported scene looks correct. The intake step must apply
transforms before it measures and exports.

## Options

### Option A — extend the procedural generator

Add more variation to `tools/blender_assets.py` rather than importing models:
body builds, height ranges, head/face shapes, hair and facial hair, outfit
layers, and more `CHARACTERS` specs. This keeps a single owned style, needs no
third-party licence review, and stays inside the existing builder/audit flow.

- **Strengths:** lowest integration risk, deterministic, no new dependencies.
- **Limits:** the current face and clothing vocabulary is intentionally simple;
  more variants may still read as the same model with a different coat.
- **Best for:** a quick 4–8 variant expansion and filling obvious role gaps.

### Option B — Quaternius CC0 intake with a contract adapter

Use Quaternius meshes as silhouette/outfit donors and adapt them to the project
contract. The visible result is a different body/clothing language from the
current library, so the adapter must also normalise head/hand style or rebuild
those parts.

- **Strengths:** best free outfit/hair variety, animations included, CC0,
  already close to game proportions, front axis and floor contact.
- **Work:** weld/decimate to the vertex budget, remap materials to the five
  slots, rebuild the armature at the contract rest positions, transfer weights,
  repose/normalise proportions, rename the mesh node, export, audit and compare
  in the acceptance harness.
- **Main risk:** retargeting a 62-bone T-pose rig to the 13-bone arm-down
  contract. Hip/knee rest heights differ substantially (Quaternius upper leg
  starts near 0.96 m; the contract hip starts near 0.62 m), so a naive
  nearest-bone weight transfer can produce a good still image and bad walk
  poses. Prototype one character before committing to a roster.
- **Best for:** a larger, visibly different library if the prototype passes the
  portrait and walk gates.

### Option C — MakeHuman/MPFB body-shape pipeline

Generate a range of ages, builds and body shapes from the CC0 MakeHuman base
mesh, then replace the head/hands and dress them with project-owned clothing.
This is the strongest answer to "everyone has the same body", but requires an
offline authoring step, decimation/retopology and a custom rig/weight step. It
should be treated as a later pipeline project, not a quick content drop.

## Recommended direction

1. **Do not add raw external models.** Keep the current library and contract
   unchanged until a human has reviewed this page.
2. **Prototype Option B once** (one Quaternius character) behind a new intake
   command. If the walk pose, face style and gear fit pass, use it for a small
   set of silhouette donors and keep the project's faces/hands where possible.
3. **Fall back to Option A** for the remaining variants. Procedural variation
   (age, build, hair, outfit colour/layers, accessory mix) is cheaper and keeps
   the library coherent.
4. **Defer Option C** until the release candidate is out and there is a concrete
   need for body-shape diversity that A/B cannot meet.

This is a proposal, not a decision. The review questions are at the end of the
page.

## Provisional NPC roster

The design rule stays: clothes, props and behaviour carry the read; a model must
not label a person as "the threat". The roster therefore adds ordinary adults
across age, build and style, not costumes that telegraph the outcome.

| Look family | Current | Proposed additions | Variation axes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Everyday | `npc_casual`, `npc_jacket`, `npc_coat`, `npc_hoodie`, `npc_dress` | older casual, denim jacket, short coat, open hoodie, second dress | age, build, height, hair, facial hair, outfit colour |
| Workwear | `npc_vest`, `npc_guard` | second hi-vis build, venue-security build, cleaner/vendor apron | build, height, headwear, badge/radio gear |
| Responder | `npc_firefighter` | paramedic/medical responder (only if the design supports it) | turnout vs medical kit, build, helmet |
| Crowd/LOD | none | Kenney blocky or a decimated library variant for distant crowds | silhouette and palette only |

A first target is **12 library characters** (the current eight plus four new
looks), not twenty. That is enough to break the clone effect without doubling
the portrait QA matrix. The existing `character_model_for()` mapping becomes a
pool per role family with a deterministic seed choice; the current two-way
alternation for guests, trespassers and threats is the template.

## Implementation plan

The actionable tasks live in `TODO.md` under milestone 0.11.0. The workstreams
are:

1. **Decision and licence gate.** Review this page, choose A/B/C, record the
   decision in an ADR, and add a source allow-list (CC0 preferred; CC-BY only
   with attribution in `CREDITS.md`; no service assets whose terms restrict
   redistribution).
2. **Intake/validator.** Add an `inspect` report and an `adapt` path. The
   validator should check bones, rest positions, node name, slots, budgets,
   ground/height, UVs and skinning before and after adaptation. Keep the
   existing `audit` as the final gate rather than creating a second contract.
3. **One-character prototype.** Adapt a single Quaternius CC0 variant; capture
   front/three-quarter/profile/full-body/crowd views and a walk cycle; compare
   against `npc_casual` and `sheet_npc_baseline.jpg`. Stop if the retarget does
   not pass.
4. **Roster build.** Add four approved variants, update the manifest, and extend
   the runtime selection pools. Rebuild gear fit and check each new variant with
   the existing acceptance criteria.
5. **QA and integration.** Run the 24-NPC budget, portrait baseline, gear fit,
   headless suite and release build. Record provenance and any accepted limits.
   Only then update `CHANGELOG.md` and `docs/development-status.md`.

### Adapter notes

- Apply node transforms before measuring or exporting. CesiumMan imports with a
  Z-up root and an `Icosphere` helper object; exclude helpers, not just the mesh
  names, when measuring.
- Weld duplicate seam vertices before decimating. Quaternius' 12k imported
  vertices are mostly UV/normal splits; the underlying surface is much smaller,
  but the glTF budget counts the splits after export.
- Decimate to a target below 8,000 tris/verts, then re-unwrap only if the
  existing UVs cannot survive the material remap. The current library uses
  smart projection at 80° to keep islands large.
- Map materials by semantic role, not by source name. A source "Purple" or
  "Worker_Vest" needs an explicit mapping to `cloth`, `pants`, `skin`, `hair` or
  `accessory`; do not rely on colour heuristics.
- Rebuild the armature at the contract rest positions and transfer weights, or
  prove that a renamed external rig produces the same rest and pose behaviour.
  Do not add a second skeleton format to `NpcAvatar`.
- Keep the face direction unambiguous. The front is Blender −Y; verify it with
  a capture, not by guessing from the source file.

## Review questions

The project owner should answer these before the 0.11.0 work starts:

1. Are third-party CC0 characters acceptable in shipped game assets, or should
   the library stay entirely project-owned?
2. If yes, is the Quaternius CC0 pack acceptable as a silhouette/outfit donor
   with a rebuilt project-style head and hands?
3. Which four role families would benefit most from a new look: everyday
   guests, workwear, responders, or crowd variety?
4. Is the MakeHuman/MPFB body-shape pipeline worth a later investment, or is
   procedural variation enough?
5. Should the preview sheet be committed as a review artefact (with attribution
   for the CC-BY entries), or stay local under `tmp/`?

Until those answers exist, the safe default is **Option A: extend the owned
procedural generator and keep external models as references only.**

## Downloaded example provenance

Files were downloaded on 2026-11-03 and kept out of version control:

| File | Source | SHA-256 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `quaternius/Casual_Hoodie.glb` | `raw.githubusercontent.com/LuanDucate/Ducz.CharacterCreator/HEAD/public/models/Male/Casual_Hoodie.glb` (Quaternius CC0) | `f5b722199f7628b24550989af4230f65d5230727df9c326fd2b3e360effe5249` |
| `quaternius/Worker.glb` | same mirror, `Male/Worker.glb` | `8d0f454336c2effc5c08f63a177af3a82d1a7af025ca9588b40e4c90c4703534` |
| `quaternius/Casual.glb` | same mirror, `Female/Casual.glb` | `bc2d84fba249ebaa0629cb9d133ad37234196e4b8004aa205a6397abed04e05c` |
| `kenney_blocky_characters.zip` | `kenney.nl/assets/blocky-characters` | `5e123859aa0c1598342b600c6db197024a1d63eb9ec531398b310725f589887e` |
| `khronos/CesiumMan.glb` | `github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Assets` | `b7001eaeea8254bd44773bcd247e78696d94169388fbb2a1800fc69434e777d9` |
| `khronos/RiggedFigure.glb` | same repository | `d6be85417d3e256861ee733eea6916093a7af7c79c16366181fd8abcaeb38cf5` |
| `makehuman/base.obj` | `github.com/makehumancommunity/makehuman/blob/master/makehuman/data/3dobjs/base.obj` | `8e761e6624b8f54536409135d1636da63b32486a90d4897f84e121d144f6fb4c` |

Source terms:

- Quaternius packs are CC0 1.0 according to the pack page and the mirror's
  credits. The mirror is a convenience download; the original pack page is
  <https://quaternius.com/packs/ultimatemodularcharacters.html>.
- Kenney Blocky Characters 2.0 is CC0 1.0; the pack's `License.txt` is included
  in the download.
- CesiumMan and RiggedFigure are CC BY 4.0, © 2017 Cesium. If any derivative is
  committed or shipped, the attribution must be added to `CREDITS.md`.
- MakeHuman core assets are CC0 per `LICENSE.ASSETS.md`; the application source
  is AGPL and is not bundled.